1. Synchronous vs Asynchronous

✅ Synchronous (Blocking)

Code runs line by line, one after another.

console.log("Start");
console.log("Middle");
console.log("End");

👉 Output:

Start
Middle
End

Everything waits for the previous line to finish.

---

⚡ Asynchronous (Non-blocking)

Some tasks take time (API calls, timers). JS sends them to the background and continues execution.

console.log("Start");setTimeout(() => {
  console.log("Middle");
}, 2000);console.log("End");

👉 Output:

Start
End
Middle

👉 JS doesn’t wait for setTimeout.

---

2. setTimeout()

Runs code once after a delay

setTimeout(() => {
  console.log("Hello after 2 seconds");
}, 2000);

📌 2000 = milliseconds (2 seconds)

---

3. setInterval()

Runs code again and again at intervals

setInterval(() => {
  console.log("Running every 1 second");
}, 1000);

👉 Stops only when cleared:

let id = setInterval(() => {
  console.log("Hello");
}, 1000);clearInterval(id);

---

4. Callbacks

A callback is a function passed into another function to run later.

function greet(name, callback) {
  console.log("Hi " + name);
  callback();
}function sayBye() {
  console.log("Bye!");
}greet("Aditya", sayBye);

---

❌ Callback Problem (Callback Hell)

setTimeout(() => {
  console.log("Step 1");
  setTimeout(() => {
    console.log("Step 2");
    setTimeout(() => {
      console.log("Step 3");
    }, 1000);
  }, 1000);
}, 1000);

👉 Hard to read 😵

---

5. Promises

Promises solve callback problems.

👉 A Promise has 3 states:

• Pending
• Resolved (success)
• Rejected (error)

---

Example:

let promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
  let success = true;  if (success) {
    resolve("Task completed");
  } else {
    reject("Task failed");
  }
});

---

Using Promise:

promise
  .then(result => console.log(result))
  .catch(error => console.log(error));

---

6. async / await (Modern Way)

Cleaner way to use Promises.

---

Example:

function getData() {
  return new Promise(resolve => {
    setTimeout(() => {
      resolve("Data received");
    }, 2000);
  });
}async function fetchData() {
  let result = await getData();
  console.log(result);
}fetchData();

👉 await pauses function until result comes.

---

🌐 Practice: API Data Fetch

Using fetch + then()

fetch("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts")
  .then(response => response.json())
  .then(data => console.log(data))
  .catch(error => console.log(error));

---

Using async/await (BEST WAY)

async function getPosts() {
  try {
    let response = await fetch("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts");
    let data = await response.json();
    console.log(data);
  } catch (error) {
    console.log("Error:", error);
  }
}getPosts();

---

🧠 Simple Analogy

• Synchronous = One worker doing tasks one by one
• Asynchronous = Multiple workers handling tasks in background

---

🚀 Practice Tasks (Important)

Try these:

1. Print numbers 1–5 using setTimeout
2. Create a digital clock using setInterval
3. Fetch user data from API and display in HTML
4. Convert callback code into Promise
5. Convert Promise into async/await