1️⃣ If, Else, Elseif

Used when you want to execute code based on conditions.

✅ Syntax:

if (condition) {
    // code if condition is true
} elseif (another_condition) {
    // code if second condition is true
} else {
    // code if all conditions are false
}

✅ Example:

$marks = 75;if ($marks >= 90) {
    echo "Grade A";
} elseif ($marks >= 60) {
    echo "Grade B";
} else {
    echo "Fail";
}

👉 Output: Grade B

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2️⃣ Switch Case

Used when you have multiple possible values for a single variable.

✅ Syntax:

switch (variable) {
    case value1:
        // code
        break;
    case value2:
        // code
        break;
    default:
        // default code
}

✅ Example:

$day = "Monday";switch ($day) {
    case "Monday":
        echo "Start of week";
        break;
    case "Friday":
        echo "Weekend coming";
        break;
    default:
        echo "Normal day";
}

👉 Output: Start of week

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3️⃣ Ternary Operator

Short form of if-else.

✅ Syntax:

(condition) ? value_if_true : value_if_false;

✅ Example:

$age = 18;echo ($age >= 18) ? "Adult" : "Minor";

👉 Output: Adult

👉 Useful for short conditions only.

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4️⃣ Match Expression (PHP 8+)

Modern alternative to switch, more powerful and safer.

🔥 Key Features:

• No break needed
• Strict comparison (===)
• Returns a value
• Cleaner syntax

✅ Syntax:

$result = match (variable) {
    value1 => result1,
    value2 => result2,
    default => default_result,
};

✅ Example:

$day = "Monday";$message = match ($day) {
    "Monday" => "Start of week",
    "Friday" => "Weekend coming",
    default => "Normal day",
};echo $message;

👉 Output: Start of week

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⚡ Difference (Important for Students)

Feature	Switch Case	Match Expression
Break needed	Yes	No
Comparison	Loose (==)	Strict (===)
Returns value	No	Yes
Syntax	Longer	Cleaner

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💡 When to Use What?

• ✅ if-else → Complex conditions (ranges, multiple checks)
• ✅ switch → Many fixed values (old method)
• ✅ ternary → Short conditions (one line)
• ✅ match → Best modern choice (PHP 8+)